For example, a study has been made of the Latera site in Italy, working in collaboration with the University of Rome. CO₂ migration pathways are restricted at depth to relatively narrow near-vertical channels probably associated with the intersections of faults, above which are heterogeneous layers of alluvium and various volcanic products causing multiple vents associated with each major channel. This was modelled with the QPAC multi-phase flow module, with hydraulic conductivity values varying stochastically, and coupled to a state-of-the-art soil-plant model for the non-linear transport of carbon between different parts of the system. In particular, CO₂ in the canopy atmosphere is available for uptake by plants (in this case grass and clover) and incorporation in tissues through photosynthesis.  The net effect of photosynthesis and respiration is represented in terms of plant growth.

The QPAC calculations for the pattern of CO₂ venting, and the pattern of crop damage around individual vents, was broadly consistent with field observations at the site and could possibly provide an early warning of CO₂ fluxes at a CO₂ storage site.